The primitive reflexes are a set of movement patterns in the newborn that emerge during the prenatal period. These primitive reflexes are present at birth and provide an indication of the neurological development of the newborn. The reflexes are movements that are automatic and do not require thinking. The reflexes help in the birthing process; they help the newborn adjust to its new environment outside the womb; and help to build a foundation for motor and cognitive skills.
The reflexes involve changes in the level and distribution of tone which primarily can affect posture and movement. These reflexes along with postural control are basic developmental patterns. They are integrated and modified into the more complex patterns which lead to voluntary movement and skills. These are integrated by the higher centers of the brain.
Lack of integration of these primitive reflexes can lead to poor eye movements and poor fixation from far to near. In addition, one may have difficulty with visual coordination, hand-eye coordination and visual memory. When an infant is delayed in the integration of these reflexes, developmentally appropriate treatment plans should be considered. Traditionally older children self direct themselves through treatment programs that will provide them with the opportunity to integrate the reflexes.
Infants and developmentally delayed toddlers do not have the opportunity to follow these activities secondary to their lack of development. Therefore, an integration program can be initiated that can include activities in which the caregiver or therapist can move the infant through the activities as needed. This can provide an opportunity for the infant to develop more appropriately and within the developmental sequence.
